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555 lines
21 KiB
555 lines
21 KiB
#! /usr/bin/env python |
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# |
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# Class for profiling python code. rev 1.0 6/2/94 |
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# |
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# Based on prior profile module by Sjoerd Mullender... |
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# which was hacked somewhat by: Guido van Rossum |
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# |
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# See profile.doc for more information |
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"""Class for profiling Python code.""" |
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# Copyright 1994, by InfoSeek Corporation, all rights reserved. |
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# Written by James Roskind |
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# |
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# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software |
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# and its associated documentation for any purpose (subject to the |
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# restriction in the following sentence) without fee is hereby granted, |
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# provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and |
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# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in |
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# supporting documentation, and that the name of InfoSeek not be used in |
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# advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software |
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# without specific, written prior permission. This permission is |
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# explicitly restricted to the copying and modification of the software |
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# to remain in Python, compiled Python, or other languages (such as C) |
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# wherein the modified or derived code is exclusively imported into a |
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# Python module. |
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# |
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# INFOSEEK CORPORATION DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS |
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# SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND |
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# FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL INFOSEEK CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY |
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# SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER |
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# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF |
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# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN |
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# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. |
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import sys |
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import os |
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import time |
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import marshal |
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__all__ = ["run","help","Profile"] |
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# Sample timer for use with |
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#i_count = 0 |
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#def integer_timer(): |
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# global i_count |
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# i_count = i_count + 1 |
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# return i_count |
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#itimes = integer_timer # replace with C coded timer returning integers |
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#************************************************************************** |
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# The following are the static member functions for the profiler class |
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# Note that an instance of Profile() is *not* needed to call them. |
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#************************************************************************** |
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def run(statement, filename=None): |
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"""Run statement under profiler optionally saving results in filename |
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This function takes a single argument that can be passed to the |
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"exec" statement, and an optional file name. In all cases this |
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routine attempts to "exec" its first argument and gather profiling |
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statistics from the execution. If no file name is present, then this |
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function automatically prints a simple profiling report, sorted by the |
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standard name string (file/line/function-name) that is presented in |
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each line. |
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""" |
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prof = Profile() |
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try: |
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prof = prof.run(statement) |
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except SystemExit: |
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pass |
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if filename is not None: |
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prof.dump_stats(filename) |
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else: |
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return prof.print_stats() |
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# print help |
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def help(): |
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for dirname in sys.path: |
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fullname = os.path.join(dirname, 'profile.doc') |
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if os.path.exists(fullname): |
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sts = os.system('${PAGER-more} ' + fullname) |
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if sts: print '*** Pager exit status:', sts |
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break |
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else: |
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print 'Sorry, can\'t find the help file "profile.doc"', |
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print 'along the Python search path.' |
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if os.name == "mac": |
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import MacOS |
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def _get_time_mac(timer=MacOS.GetTicks): |
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return timer() / 60.0 |
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if hasattr(os, "times"): |
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def _get_time_times(timer=os.times): |
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t = timer() |
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return t[0] + t[1] |
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class Profile: |
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"""Profiler class. |
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self.cur is always a tuple. Each such tuple corresponds to a stack |
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frame that is currently active (self.cur[-2]). The following are the |
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definitions of its members. We use this external "parallel stack" to |
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avoid contaminating the program that we are profiling. (old profiler |
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used to write into the frames local dictionary!!) Derived classes |
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can change the definition of some entries, as long as they leave |
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[-2:] intact (frame and previous tuple). In case an internal error is |
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detected, the -3 element is used as the function name. |
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[ 0] = Time that needs to be charged to the parent frame's function. |
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It is used so that a function call will not have to access the |
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timing data for the parent frame. |
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[ 1] = Total time spent in this frame's function, excluding time in |
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subfunctions (this latter is tallied in cur[2]). |
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[ 2] = Total time spent in subfunctions, excluding time executing the |
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frame's function (this latter is tallied in cur[1]). |
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[-3] = Name of the function that corresponds to this frame. |
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[-2] = Actual frame that we correspond to (used to sync exception handling). |
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[-1] = Our parent 6-tuple (corresponds to frame.f_back). |
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Timing data for each function is stored as a 5-tuple in the dictionary |
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self.timings[]. The index is always the name stored in self.cur[-3]. |
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The following are the definitions of the members: |
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[0] = The number of times this function was called, not counting direct |
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or indirect recursion, |
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[1] = Number of times this function appears on the stack, minus one |
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[2] = Total time spent internal to this function |
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[3] = Cumulative time that this function was present on the stack. In |
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non-recursive functions, this is the total execution time from start |
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to finish of each invocation of a function, including time spent in |
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all subfunctions. |
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[4] = A dictionary indicating for each function name, the number of times |
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it was called by us. |
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""" |
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bias = 0 # calibration constant |
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def __init__(self, timer=None, bias=None): |
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self.timings = {} |
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self.cur = None |
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self.cmd = "" |
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if bias is None: |
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bias = self.bias |
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self.bias = bias # Materialize in local dict for lookup speed. |
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if timer is None: |
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if os.name == 'mac': |
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self.timer = MacOS.GetTicks |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_mac |
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self.get_time = _get_time_mac |
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elif hasattr(time, 'clock'): |
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self.timer = self.get_time = time.clock |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
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elif hasattr(os, 'times'): |
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self.timer = os.times |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch |
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self.get_time = _get_time_times |
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else: |
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self.timer = self.get_time = time.time |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
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else: |
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self.timer = timer |
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t = self.timer() # test out timer function |
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try: |
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length = len(t) |
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except TypeError: |
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self.get_time = timer |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i |
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else: |
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if length == 2: |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch |
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else: |
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self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_l |
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# This get_time() implementation needs to be defined |
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# here to capture the passed-in timer in the parameter |
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# list (for performance). Note that we can't assume |
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# the timer() result contains two values in all |
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# cases. |
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import operator |
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def get_time_timer(timer=timer, |
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reduce=reduce, reducer=operator.add): |
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return reduce(reducer, timer(), 0) |
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self.get_time = get_time_timer |
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self.t = self.get_time() |
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self.simulate_call('profiler') |
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# Heavily optimized dispatch routine for os.times() timer |
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def trace_dispatch(self, frame, event, arg): |
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timer = self.timer |
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t = timer() |
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t = t[0] + t[1] - self.t - self.bias |
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if self.dispatch[event](self, frame,t): |
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t = timer() |
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self.t = t[0] + t[1] |
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else: |
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r = timer() |
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self.t = r[0] + r[1] - t # put back unrecorded delta |
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# Dispatch routine for best timer program (return = scalar, fastest if |
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# an integer but float works too -- and time.clock() relies on that). |
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def trace_dispatch_i(self, frame, event, arg): |
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timer = self.timer |
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t = timer() - self.t - self.bias |
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if self.dispatch[event](self, frame,t): |
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self.t = timer() |
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else: |
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self.t = timer() - t # put back unrecorded delta |
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# Dispatch routine for macintosh (timer returns time in ticks of |
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# 1/60th second) |
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def trace_dispatch_mac(self, frame, event, arg): |
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timer = self.timer |
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t = timer()/60.0 - self.t - self.bias |
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if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t): |
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self.t = timer()/60.0 |
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else: |
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self.t = timer()/60.0 - t # put back unrecorded delta |
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# SLOW generic dispatch routine for timer returning lists of numbers |
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def trace_dispatch_l(self, frame, event, arg): |
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get_time = self.get_time |
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t = get_time() - self.t - self.bias |
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if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t): |
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self.t = get_time() |
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else: |
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self.t = get_time() - t # put back unrecorded delta |
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# In the event handlers, the first 3 elements of self.cur are unpacked |
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# into vrbls w/ 3-letter names. The last two characters are meant to be |
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# mnemonic: |
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# _pt self.cur[0] "parent time" time to be charged to parent frame |
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# _it self.cur[1] "internal time" time spent directly in the function |
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# _et self.cur[2] "external time" time spent in subfunctions |
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def trace_dispatch_exception(self, frame, t): |
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rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur |
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if (rframe is not frame) and rcur: |
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return self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, t) |
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self.cur = rpt, rit+t, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur |
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return 1 |
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def trace_dispatch_call(self, frame, t): |
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if self.cur and frame.f_back is not self.cur[-2]: |
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rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur |
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if not isinstance(rframe, Profile.fake_frame): |
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assert rframe.f_back is frame.f_back, ("Bad call", rfn, |
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rframe, rframe.f_back, |
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frame, frame.f_back) |
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self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, 0) |
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assert (self.cur is None or \ |
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frame.f_back is self.cur[-2]), ("Bad call", |
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self.cur[-3]) |
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fcode = frame.f_code |
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fn = (fcode.co_filename, fcode.co_firstlineno, fcode.co_name) |
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self.cur = (t, 0, 0, fn, frame, self.cur) |
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timings = self.timings |
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if fn in timings: |
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cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[fn] |
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timings[fn] = cc, ns + 1, tt, ct, callers |
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else: |
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timings[fn] = 0, 0, 0, 0, {} |
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return 1 |
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def trace_dispatch_return(self, frame, t): |
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if frame is not self.cur[-2]: |
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assert frame is self.cur[-2].f_back, ("Bad return", self.cur[-3]) |
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self.trace_dispatch_return(self.cur[-2], 0) |
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# Prefix "r" means part of the Returning or exiting frame. |
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# Prefix "p" means part of the Previous or Parent or older frame. |
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rpt, rit, ret, rfn, frame, rcur = self.cur |
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rit = rit + t |
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frame_total = rit + ret |
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ppt, pit, pet, pfn, pframe, pcur = rcur |
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self.cur = ppt, pit + rpt, pet + frame_total, pfn, pframe, pcur |
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timings = self.timings |
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cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[rfn] |
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if not ns: |
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# This is the only occurrence of the function on the stack. |
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# Else this is a (directly or indirectly) recursive call, and |
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# its cumulative time will get updated when the topmost call to |
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# it returns. |
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ct = ct + frame_total |
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cc = cc + 1 |
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if pfn in callers: |
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callers[pfn] = callers[pfn] + 1 # hack: gather more |
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# stats such as the amount of time added to ct courtesy |
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# of this specific call, and the contribution to cc |
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# courtesy of this call. |
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else: |
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callers[pfn] = 1 |
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timings[rfn] = cc, ns - 1, tt + rit, ct, callers |
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return 1 |
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dispatch = { |
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"call": trace_dispatch_call, |
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"exception": trace_dispatch_exception, |
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"return": trace_dispatch_return, |
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} |
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# The next few functions play with self.cmd. By carefully preloading |
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# our parallel stack, we can force the profiled result to include |
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# an arbitrary string as the name of the calling function. |
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# We use self.cmd as that string, and the resulting stats look |
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# very nice :-). |
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def set_cmd(self, cmd): |
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if self.cur[-1]: return # already set |
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self.cmd = cmd |
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self.simulate_call(cmd) |
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class fake_code: |
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def __init__(self, filename, line, name): |
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self.co_filename = filename |
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self.co_line = line |
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self.co_name = name |
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self.co_firstlineno = 0 |
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def __repr__(self): |
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return repr((self.co_filename, self.co_line, self.co_name)) |
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class fake_frame: |
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def __init__(self, code, prior): |
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self.f_code = code |
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self.f_back = prior |
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def simulate_call(self, name): |
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code = self.fake_code('profile', 0, name) |
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if self.cur: |
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pframe = self.cur[-2] |
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else: |
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pframe = None |
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frame = self.fake_frame(code, pframe) |
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self.dispatch['call'](self, frame, 0) |
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# collect stats from pending stack, including getting final |
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# timings for self.cmd frame. |
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def simulate_cmd_complete(self): |
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get_time = self.get_time |
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t = get_time() - self.t |
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while self.cur[-1]: |
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# We *can* cause assertion errors here if |
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# dispatch_trace_return checks for a frame match! |
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self.dispatch['return'](self, self.cur[-2], t) |
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t = 0 |
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self.t = get_time() - t |
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def print_stats(self): |
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import pstats |
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pstats.Stats(self).strip_dirs().sort_stats(-1). \ |
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print_stats() |
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def dump_stats(self, file): |
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f = open(file, 'wb') |
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self.create_stats() |
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marshal.dump(self.stats, f) |
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f.close() |
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def create_stats(self): |
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self.simulate_cmd_complete() |
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self.snapshot_stats() |
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def snapshot_stats(self): |
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self.stats = {} |
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for func, (cc, ns, tt, ct, callers) in self.timings.iteritems(): |
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callers = callers.copy() |
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nc = 0 |
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for callcnt in callers.itervalues(): |
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nc += callcnt |
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self.stats[func] = cc, nc, tt, ct, callers |
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# The following two methods can be called by clients to use |
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# a profiler to profile a statement, given as a string. |
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def run(self, cmd): |
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import __main__ |
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dict = __main__.__dict__ |
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return self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict) |
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def runctx(self, cmd, globals, locals): |
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self.set_cmd(cmd) |
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sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher) |
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try: |
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exec cmd in globals, locals |
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finally: |
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sys.setprofile(None) |
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return self |
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# This method is more useful to profile a single function call. |
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def runcall(self, func, *args, **kw): |
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self.set_cmd(`func`) |
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sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher) |
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try: |
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return func(*args, **kw) |
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finally: |
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sys.setprofile(None) |
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#****************************************************************** |
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# The following calculates the overhead for using a profiler. The |
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# problem is that it takes a fair amount of time for the profiler |
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# to stop the stopwatch (from the time it receives an event). |
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# Similarly, there is a delay from the time that the profiler |
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# re-starts the stopwatch before the user's code really gets to |
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# continue. The following code tries to measure the difference on |
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# a per-event basis. |
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# |
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# Note that this difference is only significant if there are a lot of |
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# events, and relatively little user code per event. For example, |
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# code with small functions will typically benefit from having the |
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# profiler calibrated for the current platform. This *could* be |
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# done on the fly during init() time, but it is not worth the |
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# effort. Also note that if too large a value specified, then |
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# execution time on some functions will actually appear as a |
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# negative number. It is *normal* for some functions (with very |
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# low call counts) to have such negative stats, even if the |
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# calibration figure is "correct." |
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# |
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# One alternative to profile-time calibration adjustments (i.e., |
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# adding in the magic little delta during each event) is to track |
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# more carefully the number of events (and cumulatively, the number |
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# of events during sub functions) that are seen. If this were |
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# done, then the arithmetic could be done after the fact (i.e., at |
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# display time). Currently, we track only call/return events. |
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# These values can be deduced by examining the callees and callers |
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# vectors for each functions. Hence we *can* almost correct the |
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# internal time figure at print time (note that we currently don't |
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# track exception event processing counts). Unfortunately, there |
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# is currently no similar information for cumulative sub-function |
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# time. It would not be hard to "get all this info" at profiler |
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# time. Specifically, we would have to extend the tuples to keep |
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# counts of this in each frame, and then extend the defs of timing |
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# tuples to include the significant two figures. I'm a bit fearful |
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# that this additional feature will slow the heavily optimized |
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# event/time ratio (i.e., the profiler would run slower, fur a very |
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# low "value added" feature.) |
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#************************************************************** |
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def calibrate(self, m, verbose=0): |
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if self.__class__ is not Profile: |
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raise TypeError("Subclasses must override .calibrate().") |
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saved_bias = self.bias |
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self.bias = 0 |
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try: |
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return self._calibrate_inner(m, verbose) |
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finally: |
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self.bias = saved_bias |
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def _calibrate_inner(self, m, verbose): |
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get_time = self.get_time |
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# Set up a test case to be run with and without profiling. Include |
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# lots of calls, because we're trying to quantify stopwatch overhead. |
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# Do not raise any exceptions, though, because we want to know |
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# exactly how many profile events are generated (one call event, + |
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# one return event, per Python-level call). |
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def f1(n): |
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for i in range(n): |
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x = 1 |
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def f(m, f1=f1): |
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for i in range(m): |
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f1(100) |
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f(m) # warm up the cache |
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# elapsed_noprofile <- time f(m) takes without profiling. |
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t0 = get_time() |
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f(m) |
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t1 = get_time() |
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elapsed_noprofile = t1 - t0 |
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if verbose: |
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print "elapsed time without profiling =", elapsed_noprofile |
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# elapsed_profile <- time f(m) takes with profiling. The difference |
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# is profiling overhead, only some of which the profiler subtracts |
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# out on its own. |
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p = Profile() |
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t0 = get_time() |
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p.runctx('f(m)', globals(), locals()) |
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t1 = get_time() |
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elapsed_profile = t1 - t0 |
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if verbose: |
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print "elapsed time with profiling =", elapsed_profile |
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# reported_time <- "CPU seconds" the profiler charged to f and f1. |
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total_calls = 0.0 |
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reported_time = 0.0 |
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for (filename, line, funcname), (cc, ns, tt, ct, callers) in \ |
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p.timings.items(): |
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if funcname in ("f", "f1"): |
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total_calls += cc |
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reported_time += tt |
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if verbose: |
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print "'CPU seconds' profiler reported =", reported_time |
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print "total # calls =", total_calls |
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if total_calls != m + 1: |
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raise ValueError("internal error: total calls = %d" % total_calls) |
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# reported_time - elapsed_noprofile = overhead the profiler wasn't |
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# able to measure. Divide by twice the number of calls (since there |
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# are two profiler events per call in this test) to get the hidden |
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# overhead per event. |
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mean = (reported_time - elapsed_noprofile) / 2.0 / total_calls |
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if verbose: |
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print "mean stopwatch overhead per profile event =", mean |
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return mean |
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#**************************************************************************** |
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def Stats(*args): |
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print 'Report generating functions are in the "pstats" module\a' |
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# When invoked as main program, invoke the profiler on a script |
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if __name__ == '__main__': |
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if not sys.argv[1:]: |
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print "usage: profile.py scriptfile [arg] ..." |
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sys.exit(2) |
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filename = sys.argv[1] # Get script filename |
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del sys.argv[0] # Hide "profile.py" from argument list |
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# Insert script directory in front of module search path |
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sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(filename)) |
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run('execfile(' + `filename` + ')')
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